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Gut chemosensing: implications for disease pathogenesis. | LitMetric

Gut chemosensing: implications for disease pathogenesis.

F1000Res

Medical Service, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Published: September 2016

AI Article Synopsis

  • Humans can detect basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami) through specific receptors called GPCRs, which are also found in the gut.
  • Recent research highlights the role of these chemosensors in enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that release gut hormones affecting metabolism, appetite, and digestion.
  • Alterations in gut chemosensing can lead to various health issues like diabetes, obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders, indicating the importance of this system in overall health.

Article Abstract

The ability of humans to sense chemical signals in ingested substances is implicit in the ability to detect the five basic tastes; sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Of these, sweet, bitter, and umami tastes are detected by lingual G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, these receptors were also localized to the gut mucosa. In this review, we will emphasize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of foregut luminal chemosensing, with special emphasis on cell surface GPCRs such as the sweet and proteinaceous taste receptors (TASRs), short- and long-chain fatty acid (FA) receptors, and bile acid receptors. The majority of these luminal chemosensors are expressed on enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which are specialized endocrine cells in the intestine and pancreas that release gut hormones with ligand activation. These gut hormones are responsible for a wide variety of physiologic and homeostatic mechanisms, including glycemic control, appetite stimulation and suppression, regulation of gastric emptying, and trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. Released from the EECs, the gut peptides have paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine effects. Additionally, EECs have unique direct connections to the enteric nervous system enabling precise transmission of sensory data to and communication with the central nervous system. We will also describe how gut sensors are implicated in gut hormone release, followed by examples of how altered gut chemosensing has been implicated in pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity, functional dyspepsia, helminthic infections, colitis, gastric bypass surgery, and gastric inflammation and cancer.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054811PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9208.1DOI Listing

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