The role of exhaled nitric oxide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing laparotomy surgery - The noxious study.

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has been associated with major perioperative morbidities or mortalities, especially in surgical patients receiving general anesthesia. The severity of the COPD and the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity can determine the perioperative anesthetic risk; therefore they have to be assessed by a thorough preoperative evaluation in order to give the rationale on which to decide for optimum anesthetic management.

Objective: Aim of the study was to assess the predictive applicability of exhaled Nitric Oxide (NO) in smoking surgical population with COPD, on the basis of morbidity and mortality.

Methods: A prospective, observational study was undertaken in 70 smoking patients diagnosed with COPD scheduled for laparotomy surgery under general anesthesia COPD was evaluated with the GOLD Classification of Air Flow Limitation, the Modified MRC Dyspnoea Scale (mMRC), the BODE Index score and the 6 Minutes Walk Distance (6MWD) using spirometry parameters. All patients were observed for presenting perioperative and postoperative respiratory complications. A cut off value of 19 ppb was determined for fractional exhaled nitric oxide measured at expiratory flow of 50 mL/s (FNO) to differentiate patients poor prognosis from those with favorable outcome.

Results: Patients with severe COPD had high BODE index score as well as FNO. Elevated FNO is significantly related to multiple complications (p = 0.004) and postoperative cough (p < 0.001). Patients from the high FNO group that were not treated with steroids had a statistically significant higher incidence of extra hospital care need (p < 0.001). Increased FNO and ABCD classification are both related with the presentation of multiple complications (Odds ratio = 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.7, p = 0.028 for ABCD and Odds ratio = 6.39, 95% CI 1.33 to 30.5, p = 0.020 for FNO). Increased FNO and ABCD are related with extra hospital care (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively) and combined with corticosteroid administration could predict the necessity for extra hospital care (Odds ratio 4.09, 95% CI 1.1 to 15.3, p = 0.036 for corticosteroid treatment, odds ratio 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.1, p = 0.029 for ABCD and odds ratio 7.93, 95% CI 1.7 to 35.3, p = 0.007 for FNO).

Conclusion: The FNO may identify high risk smoking surgical patients with COPD receiving general anesthesia. Perioperative and postoperative complications in COPD smoking patients undergoing abdominal surgery can be predicted using not only ABCD GOLD 2011 classification but also the FNO as a preoperative marker.