Evolutionary design of interfacial phase change van der Waals heterostructures.

We use an evolutionary algorithm to explore the design space of hexagonal GeSbTe; a van der Waals layered two dimensional crystal heterostructure. The GeSbTe structure is more complicated than previously thought. Predominant features include layers of GeSbTe and GeSbTe two dimensional crystals that interact through Te-Te van der Waals bonds. Interestingly, (Ge/Sb)-Te-(Ge/Sb)-Te alternation is a common feature for the most stable structures of each generation's evolution. This emergent rule provides an important structural motif that must be included in the design of high performance SbTe-GeTe van der Waals heterostructure superlattices with interfacial atomic switching capability. The structures predicted by the algorithm agree well with experimental measurements on highly oriented, and single crystal GeSbTe samples. By analysing the evolutionary algorithm optimised structures, we show that diffusive atomic switching is probable by Ge atoms undergoing a transition at the van der Waals interface from layers of GeSbTe to GeSbTe thus producing two blocks of GeSbTe. Evolutionary methods present an efficient approach to explore the enormous multi-dimensional design parameter space of van der Waals bonded heterostructure superlattices.