Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause a variety of mitochondrial DNA-based diseases which have been studied using Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and transmitochondrial cybrids. Individual genetic information is preserved permanently in LCLs while the development of transmitochondrial cybrids provide ex-vivo cellular platform to study molecular mechanism of mitochondrial DNA-based diseases. The cytoplasmic donor cells for previous transmitochondrial cybrids come from patient's tissue or platelet directly. Here, we depicted in details the principle, methods and techniques to establish LCLs from frozen peripheral bloods harboring mitochondrial 4401G > A mutation by infection of Epstein Barr virus, and then to generate cybrids using ρ 206 and LCLs. The process of establishing these two cellular models was summarized into four steps as follows: (1) Generation of LCLs; (2) Transformation; (3) Selection; (4) Verification. To faithfully represent the function of mtDNA mutation, we analyzed and identified the sites of mtDNA mutations and copy numbers of each cellular models as well as the karyotype of transmitochondrial cybrids. Those clones with consistent parameters were selected for preservation and future analysis of the function of point mutations of mtDNA. Although these two cellular models play important roles in understanding molecular mechanism of mitochondrial DNA-based diseases on the cellular level, their limitations should be considered when elucidating the character of tissue specificity of mitochondrial DNA-based diseases.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.16288/j.yczz.16-085 | DOI Listing |
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