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Frequently asked questions on surrogate endpoints in oncology-opportunities, pitfalls, and the way forward.
EClinicalMedicine
October 2024
Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
Patients with cancer expect prolonged life (overall survival, OS) or better life (quality of life, QOL) from cancer treatments. However, majority of new cancer drugs are now being approved not based on improved OS or QOL, but based on surrogate endpoints such as tumor shrinkage or delayed tumor progression. These surrogate endpoints, including their validity as a proxy for overall survival, differ based on disease settings and lines of treatment but in general, most surrogate measures have weak correlation with outcomes that matter to patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPitfalls of the E-Ref Procedure: Tie Values and the Proportion of the Abnormal Data.
Muscle Nerve
January 2025
Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Introduction: Extrapolated reference values (E-Ref) procedure is a new method for determining the cutoff value without collecting the control data. We tried to apply this method to determine the cutoff value for the distal motor latency of the median nerve (median DML). During this process, we found two pitfalls of the E-Ref method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPredicting Climate Mitigation Through Carbon Burial in Blue Carbon Ecosystems-Challenges and Pitfalls.
Glob Chang Biol
January 2025
Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
The concept of "blue carbon" is, in this study, critically evaluated with respect to its definitions, measuring approaches, and time scales. Blue carbon deposited in ocean sediments can only counteract anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions if stored on a long-term basis. The focus here is on the coastal blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), mangrove forests, saltmarshes, and seagrass meadows due to their high primary production and large carbon stocks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDo machine learning methods solve the main pitfall of linear regression in dental age estimation?
Forensic Sci Int
December 2024
Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy.
Introduction: Age estimation is crucial in forensic and anthropological fields. Teeth, are valued for their resilience to environmental factors and their preservation over time, making them essential for age estimation when other skeletal remains deteriorate. Recently, Machine Learning algorithms have been used in age estimation, demonstrating high levels of accuracy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFShedding light on the role of complement C4 activation in cancer.
Hum Immunol
December 2024
Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA. Electronic address:
Complement C4 is a key component in the activation of classical and lectin complement pathways, which are observed in both animal tumor models and cancer patients. While its role in autoimmune disorders has been extensively studied, the functions of complement C4 and its activation in cancer have received inadequate consideration. Recent studies have detected C4 activation in animal tumor models and cancer patients, with its fragment C4d found in cancer tissues and lymph nodes.
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