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A conceptual framework for identifying and managing system vulnerabilities for diversion of controlled substances in healthcare.

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Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M6, Canada; Research & Innovation, North York General Hospital, 4001 Leslie Street, Toronto, Ontario, M2K 1E1, Canada.

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Serological studies uniquely strengthen infectious disease surveillance, expanding prevalence estimates to encompass asymptomatic infections, and revealing the otherwise inapparent landscape of immunity, including who is and is not susceptible to infection. They are thus a powerful complement to often incomplete epidemiological and public health measures (administrative measures of vaccination coverage, incidence estimates, etc.).

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