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A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using novel salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction technique has been developed for the quantitative determination of febuxostat (FEB), used for the treatment of gout, in rat plasma. The method was validated according to US FDA guideline. Separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Luna-C (250 × 4.60 mm, 5 µm) column and mobile phase composed of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer 25 mM, adjusted to pH 6.8 with triethylamine:methanol in a ratio of 35:65 (v/v) showing retention time 5.56 and 8.86 min for FEB and internal standard, respectively. The optimal salting-out parameters; 1 mL of acetonitrile and 200 µL of 2 M ammonium acetate salt showed extraction recovery >90% for FEB from plasma. This extraction procedure afforded clear samples resulting in convenient and cost-saving procedure and showed good linear relationship (r > 0.9997) between peak area ratio and concentration from 0.3 to 20 µg/mL. The results of pharmacokinetic study showed that absorption profile of spherical agglomerate of FEB compared to marketed formulation was higher indicating greater systemic absorption. In conclusion, the developed SALLE-HPLC method with simple ultraviolet detection offered a number of advantages including good quantitative ability, wide linear range, high recovery, short analysis time as well as low cost.
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Article Synopsis
- This review investigates how inorganic salts influence the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted degradation of various contaminants, revealing mixed research findings on the topic.
- It analyzes 44 studies to understand the impact of salting-out effects, cavitation bubble behavior, and radical species generation on contaminant degradation, noting that high-intensity ultrasound is particularly effective in salt solutions.
- The results indicate that while hydrophilic contaminants degrade better with increased ionic strength, many hydrophobic ones do not benefit as much, suggesting that radical-mediated processes play a key role in enhancing degradation rather than the salting-out effect.
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