In this issue of Neuron, Fossati et al. (2016) report that through its domain structure, SRGAP2A, a Rho-GTPase-activating protein, can co-regulate excitatory and inhibitory synapse development, offering a putative evolutionary genetic mechanism for preserving excitatory/inhibitory balance during speciation.
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Glutamate-mediated antidepressant effects of Jieyu I Formula via modulation of PFC-LHb circuitry in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression model.
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State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Hengqin, 519031, China. Electronic address:
Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Jieyu I Formula (JY-I) is an improved version of the classic formula "Sini San" documented in the books Shanghan Lun, which is known for regulating the liver and treating depression. However, the disturbance of neuronal signal transmission in the neural circuit of the brain is closely related to the occurrence of depression, yet its neural mechanism is still unclear.
Aim Of The Study: This study aimed to observe the antidepressant effect of JY-I on depressed mice induced by lipopolysaccharide and its underlying central nervous system mechanisms, focusing on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) neural circuit in the depressed mice model.
Background: A significant proportion of individuals maintain healthy cognitive function despite having extensive Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, known as cognitive resilience. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that protect these individuals can identify therapeutic targets for AD dementia. This study aims to define molecular and cellular signatures of cognitive resilience, protection and resistance, by integrating genetics, bulk RNA, and single-nucleus RNA sequencing data across multiple brain regions from AD, resilient, and control individuals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFKetamine administration during adolescence impairs synaptic integration and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the adult dentate gyrus.
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Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Neuroepigenetics and Plasticity (EpiNeuro), Santiago, Chile. Electronic address:
Ketamine administration during adolescence affects cognitive performance; however, its long-term impact on synaptic function and neuronal integration in the hippocampus a brain region critical for cognition remains unclear. Using functional and molecular analyses, we found that chronic ketamine administration during adolescence exerts long-term effects on synaptic integration, expanding the temporal window in an input-specific manner affecting the inner molecular layer but not the medial perforant path inputs in the adult mouse dorsal hippocampal dentate gyrus. Ketamine also alters the excitatory/inhibitory balance by reducing the efficacy of inhibitory inputs likely due to a reduction in parvalbumin-positive interneurons number and function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrganizational Principles of the Primate Cerebral Cortex at the Single-Cell Level.
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CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
The primate cerebral cortex, the major organ for cognition, consists of an immense number of neurons. However, the organizational principles governing these neurons remain unclear. By accessing the single-cell spatial transcriptome of over 25 million neuron cells across the entire macaque cortex, it is discovered that the distribution of neurons within cortical layers is highly non-random.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe role of neuroinflammation in PV interneuron impairments in brain networks; implications for cognitive disorders.
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Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran.
Fast spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneuron is an inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneuron diffused in different brain networks, including the cortex and hippocampus. As a key component of brain networks, PV interneurons collaborate in fundamental brain functions such as learning and memory by regulating excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance and generating gamma oscillations. The unique characteristics of PV interneurons, like their high metabolic demands and long branching axons, make them too vulnerable to stressors.
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