The thymosin proteins are all short, highly charged, intrinsically unstructured proteins under natural conditions. However, structure can be induced in many of the thymosin proteins by providing charge neutralization at low pH or by the addition of Zn(2+) ions, organic reagents such as trifluoroethanol, hexafluoropropanol, or n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, or interactions with their natural binding partner proteins. The differing structures of thymosin alpha and thymosin beta proteins have been studied by circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and crystallographic methods in order to better understand the role of these proteins. In this structural biology review the structures of prothymosin, parathymosin, thymosin alpha-1, and several beta thymosin proteins, in both native states and under secondary structure-inducing conditions are discussed.
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