The influence of a newly synthesized tetrahydroxalic derivative with aphrodistatic action under the code name of PC-1 was studied in white rats of Wistar strain on conditioned and unconditioned reactions for avoidance of averse stimuli (sound, light, electric current with tension of 30 volts). The experiments were carried out on nonavoiding animals, selected in advance. Parallel experiments were undertaken with the preparation Imipramine (Pharmachim). The results showed that PC-1 affected positively conditioned reflex activity, manifested by shortening of latency of avoidance and by an increase of their number.
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Elife
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
The central amygdala (CeA) has emerged as an important brain region for regulating both negative (fear and anxiety) and positive (reward) affective behaviors. The CeA has been proposed to encode affective information in the form of valence (whether the stimulus is good or bad) or salience (how significant is the stimulus), but the extent to which these two types of stimulus representation occur in the CeA is not known. Here, we used single cell calcium imaging in mice during appetitive and aversive conditioning and found that majority of CeA neurons (~65%) encode the valence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) with a smaller subset of cells (~15%) encoding the salience of the US.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurosci Biobehav Rev
January 2025
Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Netherlands; Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare "Beniamino Segre", Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, Italy. Electronic address:
Fear responses to novel stimuli can be learned directly, through personal experiences (Fear Conditioning, FC), or indirectly, by observing conspecific reactions to a stimulus (Social Fear Learning, SFL). Although substantial knowledge exists about FC and SFL in humans and other species, they are typically conceived as mechanisms that engage separate neural networks and operate at different levels of complexity. Here, we propose a broader framework that links these two fear learning modes by supporting the view that social signals may act as unconditioned stimuli during SFL.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCells
December 2024
Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Institute of Mental Health and Drug Discovery, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Wenzhou 325000, China.
Background: glucocorticoids may play an important role in the formation of fear memory, which is relevant to the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In our previous study, we showed the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) forms a protein complex with FKBP51, which prevents translocation of GR into the nucleus to affect gene expression; this complex is elevated in PTSD patients and by fear-conditioned learning in mice, and disrupting this complex blocks the storage and retrieval of fear-conditioned memories. The timing of release of glucocorticoid relative to the formation of a traumatic memory could be important in this process, and remains poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
January 2025
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain region for motivated behaviors, yet how distinct neuronal populations encode appetitive or aversive stimuli remains undetermined. Using microendoscopic calcium imaging in mice, we tracked NAc shell D1- or D2-medium spiny neurons' (MSNs) activity during exposure to stimuli of opposing valence and associative learning. Despite drift in individual neurons' coding, both D1- and D2-population activity was sufficient to discriminate opposing valence unconditioned stimuli, but not predictive cues.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurobiol Learn Mem
December 2024
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan. Electronic address:
Social learning, learning from other individuals, has been demonstrated in many animals, including insects, but its detailed neural mechanisms remain virtually unknown. We showed that crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) exhibit aversive social learning with a dead conspecific. When a learner cricket was trained to observe a dead cricket on a drinking apparatus, the learner avoided the odor of that apparatus thereafter.
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