Rapamycin results in Bim-mediated loss of thymic regulatory T cells during development in organ culture.

Thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Diverse signalling pathways contribute to thymic Treg cells (tTregs) development; however, the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) remains unclear. Rapamycin is a well-characterized inhibitor of mTOR complex 1 signalling and a potent inducer of Treg cells in the periphery. However, the effect of rapamycin on the development of tTregs is poorly defined. Here we have used thymic organ culture to investigate the effect of rapamycin on tTreg development. We show that, contrary to its effect in the periphery, rapamycin inhibits the development of tTregs in wild-type thymi. The inhibition of tTregs by rapamycin could be rescued by a deficiency of Bim. However, rapamycin did not inhibit the development of antigen-specific TCR transgenic tTregs in response to exogenous peptide antigen, indicating that the development of thymic Foxp3CD4 cells was not intrinsically inhibited by rapamycin. Collectively our data demonstrate that rapamycin results in a reduction of tTregs because of Bim-mediated apoptosis of immature tTregs via a cell extrinsic mechanism. These findings are important not only for understanding the mechanism of tTreg induction but also for an appreciation of the impact of the clinical application of rapamycin.