Co-processing of sewage sludge using the cement kiln can realize sludge harmless treatment, quantity reduction, stabilization and reutilization. The moisture content should be reduced to below 30% to meet the requirement of combustion. Thermal drying is an effective way for sludge desiccation. Odors and volatile organic compounds are generated and released during the sludge drying process, which could lead to odor pollution. The main odor pollutants were selected by the multi-index integrated assessment method. The concentration, olfactory threshold, threshold limit value, smell security level and saturated vapor pressure were considered as indexes based on the related regulations in China and foreign countries. Taking the pollution potential as the evaluation target, and the risk index and odor emission intensity as evaluation indexes, the odor pollution potential rated evaluation model of the pollutants was built according to the Weber-Fechner law. The aim of the present study is to form the rating evaluation method of odor potential pollution capacity suitable for the directly drying process of sludge.
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STAR Protoc
January 2025
Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys), Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia; Members of the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE).
Three-dimensional (3D) and porous scaffolds made from nanocellulosic materials hold significant potential in tissue engineering (TE). Here, we present a protocol for fabricating self-standing (nano)cellulose-based 3D scaffolds designed for in vitro testing of cells from skin and cartilage tissues. We describe steps for preparation of nanocellulose ink, scaffold formation using 3D printing, and freeze-drying.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmaceutics
January 2025
Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
Micelles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are promising drug delivery vehicles; however, poor aqueous stability requires post-processing drying methods for maintaining long-term stability. The objective of this study was to compare the potential of lipid-based micelles, liposomes, and SLNs for producing stable re-dispersible spray-dried powders with trehalose or a combination of trehalose and L-leucine. This study provides novel insights into the implementation of spray drying as a technique to enhance long-term stability for these lipid-based nanocarriers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmaceutics
January 2025
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
Dry powder inhalers (DPI's) are becoming increasingly popular due to growing interest in pulmonary drug delivery and their performance is the net result of a series of processes carried out during the formulation development and manufacturing process such as excipient selection, blending, milling, filling, and spray drying. To reach the small airways of the deep lung, the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) particles need to have an aerodynamic diameter of 1-5 μm to avoid impaction and particle sedimentation in the upper respiratory tract, and due to this small particle size, the powder becomes highly cohesive resulting in poor flow. Therefore, API is usually blended with a coarse carrier to improve flowability, and due to its large size, it is more fluidizable than the micronized drug.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlants (Basel)
January 2025
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
This study investigates the potential synergistic effects of extracts from (turmeric), (Arabica coffee beans), and (chili peppers) in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Using a systematic design of experiment (DoE) optimization approach, an optimal extract ratio of 1:3:4 (turmeric: coffee: chili) was identified. The efficacy of the extract combination was assessed through various antioxidant assays, inhibition of inflammation-related gene expression, and safety testing via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazolk-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolymers (Basel)
January 2025
College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Probiotics are an essential dietary supplement for intestinal flora balance, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and immune regulation. However, probiotic inactivation during gastrointestinal transportation remains a big challenge for oral administration. Hence, oral delivery systems (ODSs) based on polysaccharides have been constructed to protect probiotics from harsh environments.
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