Although intravesical instillation of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy was approved many decades ago as a first line therapy for intermediate to high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, its long-term efficacy is still arguable as a proportion of up to 30-40% of patients will develop recurrence or progression of their disease. Based on currently available data on the clinical application of checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue seems to be a main target for anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. In this manuscript we hypothesize that the combination of anti-CTLA-4 therapy with BCG might enhance the immune activity in the bladder submucosal tissue, and subsequently, improve oncological outcomes of NMIBC.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.037DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

non-muscle invasive
8
invasive bladder
8
bladder cancer
8
systemic anti-ctla-4
4
anti-ctla-4 intravesical
4
intravesical bacille-calmette-guerin
4
bacille-calmette-guerin therapy
4
therapy non-muscle
4
cancer rationale
4
rationale synergism?
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!