Background: Frailty is a syndrome of increased vulnerability with adverse outcomes, increasing with age for elderly people. So far, intervention programs have mainly addressed the physical components of frailty. As biographical writing approaches have shown positive effects on cognition and health, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a biographical disclosure intervention on psychological frailty and health in older adults.
Methods: In total, 198 elderly people (mean age = 75.1 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to four disclosure conditions: oral biographical disclosure, written structured and unstructured biographical disclosure, daily diary and a control group. Frailty was measured with the Tilburg Frailty Indicator, and physical and mental health were assessed with the Short Form (12-item) Health Survey. Measurements were assessed pre- and post-intervention, and at a three month follow-up. Mixed design ANOVAs with repeated measures, correlations and Wilcoxon tests were calculated.
Results: The sample showed a frailty prevalence of 39.9% pre-intervention. Participants in the oral biographical disclosure, structured biographical writing, and daily diary groups showed improvements in their frailty and mental health, with small effect sizes. No effect for physical health was evident. People with high frailty symptoms and low mental health benefitted from the intervention. Frailty was negatively correlated with physical and mental health components.
Conclusions: The results of the intervention indicate a short-term positive effect on frailty and mental health in elderly people, who benefitted from the disclosure intervention in terms of improved mental health and lower frailty levels. Early frailty detection is therefore crucial in the treatment and care of older adults, and biographical disclosure approaches can help to maintain health at old age.
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