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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2015.1131033 | DOI Listing |
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Mixed representations of choice direction and outcome by GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus.
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Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States.
The basal ganglia (BG) are an evolutionarily conserved and phylogenetically old set of sub-cortical nuclei that guide action selection, evaluation, and reinforcement. The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major BG output nucleus that contains a population of GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons (EP) that specifically target the lateral habenula (LHb) and whose function in behavior remains mysterious. Here, we use a probabilistic switching task that requires an animal to maintain flexible relationships between action selection and evaluation to examine when and how GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons contribute to behavior.
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IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Once believed to be the culprits of epileptogenic activity, the functional properties of balloon/giant cells (BC/GC), commonly found in some malformations of cortical development including focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), are beginning to be unraveled. These abnormal cells emerge during early brain development as a result of a hyperactive mTOR pathway and may express both neuronal and glial markers. A paradigm shift occurred when our group demonstrated that BC/GC in pediatric cases of FCDIIb and TSC are unable to generate action potentials and lack synaptic inputs.
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Department of Oncology, Senior Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.17 A Heishanhu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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View Article and Find Full Text PDFSpatial skills like block building and puzzle making are associated with later growth in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning. How these early spatial experiences-both in concrete and digital platforms-boost children's spatial skills remains a mystery. This study examined how children with low- and high-parental education use corrective feedback in a series of spatial assembly tasks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEmbedding a ribonuclease in the spore crust couples gene expression to spore development in Bacillus subtilis.
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EGM CNRS, Université Paris-Cité,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
Faced with nutritional stress, some bacteria form endospores capable of enduring extreme conditions for long periods of time; yet the function of many proteins expressed during sporulation remains a mystery. We identify one such protein, KapD, as a 3'-exoribonuclease expressed under control of the mother cell-specific transcription factors SigE and SigK in Bacillus subtilis. KapD dynamically assembles over the spore surface through a direct interaction with the major crust protein CotY.
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