Objectives: This study aimed to analyze a large group of febrile neonates 28 days or younger who received outpatient sepsis evaluation and nasopharyngeal aspirate antigen testing (NPAT) for respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) infection to determine whether there is a clinically significant association between viral study results and risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI: bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, bacterial enteritis).
Methods: We evaluated consecutive febrile neonates 28 days or younger presenting to our urban pediatric emergency department [Maimonides Medical Center (MMC)] during a 6-year period, all of whom received a sepsis evaluation (cerebrospinal fluid, blood, urine cultures) and RSV NPAT. To achieve adequate power (80%), the MMC data were combined with similar data reported from a prior prospective PEM-CRC study of like-aged febrile neonates who received similar evaluation.
Results: From the MMC data of consecutively evaluated cases, the prevalence rate of +RSV in 387 febrile neonates was 6%. Of these, 378 (98%) received both a sepsis evaluation and RSV NPAT; +SBI occurred in 4/22 (18.1%) with +RSV versus 58/356 (16.2%) with -RSV (P = 0.77). Combined with the PEM-CRC cohort of 411 febrile neonates 28 days or younger who received similar evaluation, a total of 789 cases were analyzed using meta-analysis. Overall, there were 117 (14.8%) cases of +SBI and 104 (13.2%) cases of +RSV. The rate of +SBI was 11.5% in those with +RSV versus 15.3% in those with -RSV. Meta-analysis performed showed no significant difference in rates of +SBI between those with and without +RSV (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.50; P = 0.46).
Conclusions: Rates of +SBI are not significantly different between febrile neonates 28 days or younger with and without +RSV. Respiratory viral infection status is not an accurate clinical determinant in distinguishing SBI risk in febrile neonates.
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