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Although plants and their natural enemies may coevolve for prolonged periods, little is known about how long individual plant defensive genes are involved in the coevolutionary process. We address this issue by examining patterns of selection on the defensive gene threonine deaminase (TD). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has two copies of this gene.

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Some gene deletions or mutations have little effect on metabolism and metabolic adaptation because of redundancy and/or compensation in metabolic pathways. The mechanisms for redundancy and/or compensation in metabolic adaptation in mammalian cells are unidentified. Here, we show that in mouse muscle and myogenic cells, compensatory regulation of the histone deacetylase (HDAC5) transcriptional repressor maintains metabolic integrity.

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p70S6 kinase is a critical node that integrates HER-family and PI3 kinase signaling networks.

Cell Signal

August 2014

Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Electronic address:

Therapies targeting oncogenic drivers rapidly induce compensatory adaptive responses that blunt drug effectiveness, contributing to therapeutic resistance. Adaptive responses are characteristic of robust cell signaling networks, and thus there is increasing interest in drug combinations that co-target the driver and the adaptive response. An alternative approach to co-inhibiting oncogenic and adaptive targets is to identify a critical node where the activities of these targets converge.

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Structural transformations in sympathetic ganglia and the thoracic part of the vagus nerve in conditions of gravitational overloading.

Neurosci Behav Physiol

November 2006

Department of Normal Anatomy, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg.

The aim of the present work was to undertake a complex of studies of structural transformations in the anterior thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the thoracic part of the vagus nerve after acute and chronic gravitational overloading (GOL). Studies were performed on 28 white mongrel male rats aged 8-21 weeks. Animals of series I (acute GOL) were rotated in a centrifuge on one day (three rotation sessions with two 20-min breaks, giving a total rotation time of 31 min).

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