AI Article Synopsis
- The 3Ks (kava, kratom, and khat) are herbal substances linked to potential liver damage, though the extent and clarity of this risk vary among them.
- While kratom has some documented cases of liver injury, the evidence for kava and khat's hepatotoxic effects is still inconclusive despite some studies suggesting they cause liver issues.
- This review aims to explore the mechanisms and patterns of liver toxicity caused by the 3Ks and highlight areas that require further investigation.
Article Abstract
The 3Ks (kava, kratom and khat) are herbals that can potentially induce liver injuries. On the one hand, growing controversial data have been reported about the hepatotoxicity of kratom, while, on the other hand, even though kava and khat hepatotoxicity has been investigated, the hepatotoxic effects are still not clear. Chronic recreational use of kratom has been associated with rare instances of acute liver injury. Several studies and case reports have suggested that khat is hepatotoxic, leading to deranged liver enzymes and also histopathological evidence of acute hepatocellular degeneration. Numerous reports of severe hepatotoxicity potentially induced by kava have also been highlighted, both in the USA and Europe. The aim of this review is to focus on the different patterns and the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by "the 3Ks", while trying to clarify the numerous aspects that still need to be addressed.
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Source |
|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4849036 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040580 | DOI Listing |
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