Nocardiosis, one of the most systemic and devastating diseases, is currently emerging as an important disease of cultured marine and freshwater fishes. The causative agent of this disease is Nocardia seriolae, a Gram-positive acid-fast bacterium. An effective vaccine/vaccination strategy against this pathogen is necessary to control the significant loss in aquaculture practices. In this chapter, we present the vaccination/immunization protocol in fish against both live (sublethal) and inactivated form of N. seriolae using ginbuna crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii) as a model. N. seriolae either in live (sublethal) form or inactivated antigenic form is found to elevate immunity in ginbuna and also can induce protective immunity upon challenge. In order to develop live vaccine, determination of sublethal dose is critical and needs to be established in the host fish species through pathogenicity and persistence studies. Herein for ginbuna, a sublethal dose of 10(6) CFU/mL was determined by pathogenicity study through a series of challenge doses followed by pathogen persistence study by microbiological and molecular techniques. On the other hand, for inactivated antigenic form, the concentration of the N. seriolae was approximately 10(8) CFU/mL. Although this study showed significant potential of both the forms of N. seriolae as candidate for vaccination, factors such as dose, duration and form need to be optimized in individual fish species.
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