Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has a major contribution to neonatal mortality worldwide. Multiple factors associated with increased risk for RDS have been documented to effectively understand the emergence and progression of this disorder. A portion of these parameters has been broadly examined whereas the role of others, despite being clinically described, has not been fully evaluated. In this report, we analyze a forensic RDS case of a late preterm infant. Taking the maternal medical history into account, we focused on 2 not widely established risk factors, oligohydramnios and maternal age, discussing their possible pathophysiological relation to the development of RDS. Simultaneously, the fundamental role of the histopathological examination as a diagnostic tool resurfaces. Following a multidisciplinary approach derived from the collaboration of clinicians and researchers, the identification of factors that precipitate or contribute to this syndrome can be enhanced, leading to novel prognostic and therapeutic strategies against RDS.
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