The one-pot two-step intramolecular aryl and heteroaryl C-H trifluoromethoxylation recently reported by our group has provided a general, scalable, and operationally simple approach to access a wide range of unprecedented and valuable OCF3-containing building blocks. Herein we describe our investigations to elucidate its reaction mechanism. Experimental data indicate that the O-trifluoromethylation of N-(hetero)aryl-N-hydroxylamine derivatives is a radical process, whereas the OCF3-migration step proceeds via a heterolytic cleavage of the N-OCF3 bond followed by rapid recombination of a short-lived ion pair. Computational studies further support the proposed ion pair reaction pathway for the OCF3-migration process. We hope that the current study would provide useful insights for the development of new transformations using versatile N-(hetero)aryl-N-hydroxylamine synthons.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00132g | DOI Listing |
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
January 2022
Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Trifluoromethoxylated aromatics (ArOCF ) are valuable structural motifs in the area of drug discovery due to the enhancement of their desired physicochemical properties upon the introduction of the trifluoromethoxy group (CF O). Although significant progress has been made recently in the introduction of CF O group into aromatics, current methods either require the use of expensive trifluoromethoxylation reagents or require harsh reaction conditions. We present a conceptually new and operationally simple protocol for the direct C-H trifluoromethoxylation of (hetero)aromatics by the combination of the readily available trifluoromethylating reagent and oxygen under electrochemical reaction conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChemistry
August 2021
Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
Trifluoromethoxylated (hetero)arenes are of great interest for several disciplines, especially in agro- and medicinal chemistry. Radical C-H trifluoromethoxylation of (hetero)arenes represents an attractive approach to prepare such compounds, but the high cost and low atom economy of existing OCF radical sources make them unsuitable for the large-scale synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated building blocks. Herein, we introduce bis(trifluoromethyl)peroxide (BTMP, CF OOCF ) as a practical and efficient trifluoromethoxylating reagent that is easily accessible from inexpensive bulk chemicals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
November 2020
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
Applications of TEMPO catalysis for the development of redox-neutral transformations are rare. Reported here is the first TEMPO -catalyzed, redox-neutral C-H di- and trifluoromethoxylation of (hetero)arenes. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope, has high functional-group tolerance, and can be employed for the late-stage functionalization of complex druglike molecules.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBeilstein J Org Chem
June 2020
Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
The first example of photocatalytic trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes under continuous-flow conditions is described. Application of continuous-flow microreactor technology allowed to reduce the residence time up to 16 times in comparison to the batch procedure, while achieving similar or higher yields. In addition, the use of inorganic bases was demonstrated to increase the reaction yield under batch conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
May 2020
State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
Methods for direct C-H trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes are rare, despite the importance of trifluoromethoxylated compounds for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and material sciences. Especially selective C-H trifluoromethoxylation of pyridines remains a formidable challenge. Here we show a general late-stage C-H trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes as limiting reagent with trifluoromethoxide anion.
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