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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.015 | DOI Listing |
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Expression and Role of Toll-like Receptors in Facial Nerve Regeneration after Facial Nerve Injury.
Int J Mol Sci
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 442723, Republic of Korea.
Facial nerve palsy directly impacts the quality of life, with patients with facial nerve palsy showing increased rates of depression and limitations in social activities. Although facial nerve palsy is not life-threatening, it can devastate the emotional and social lives of affected individuals. Hence, improving the prognosis of patients with this condition is of vital importance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter?
Front Immunol
May 2022
Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are an ancient and well-conserved group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The isolation of the Antarctic continent and its unique teleost fish and microbiota prompted the present investigation into Tlr evolution. Gene homologues of members in teleosts from temperate regions were present in the genome of Antarctic Nototheniidae and the non-Antarctic sister lineage Bovichtidae.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxoplasma GRA15 and GRA24 are important activators of the host innate immune response in the absence of TLR11.
PLoS Pathog
May 2020
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
The murine innate immune response against Toxoplasma gondii is predominated by the interaction of TLR11/12 with Toxoplasma profilin. However, mice lacking Tlr11 or humans, who do not have functional TLR11 or TLR12, still elicit a strong innate immune response upon Toxoplasma infection. The parasite factors that determine this immune response are largely unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxoplasma gondii dense granule protein GRA24 drives MyD88-independent p38 MAPK activation, IL-12 production and induction of protective immunity.
PLoS Pathog
May 2020
Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
The apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii induces strong protective immunity dependent upon recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLR)11 and 12 operating in conjunction with MyD88 in the murine host. However, TLR11 and 12 proteins are not present in humans, inspiring us to investigate MyD88-independent pathways of resistance. Using bicistronic IL-12-YFP reporter mice on MyD88+/+ and MyD88-/- genetic backgrounds, we show that CD11c+MHCII+F4/80- dendritic cells, F4/80+ macrophages, and Ly6G+ neutrophils were the dominant cellular sources of IL-12 in both wild type and MyD88 deficient mice after parasite challenge.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role for the innate immune system by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR5 encodes the major extracellular receptor for bacterial flagellin and frequently evolves under positive selection, consistent with coevolutionary arms races between the host and pathogens. Furthermore, TLR5 is inactivated in several vertebrates and a TLR5 stop codon polymorphism is widespread in human populations.
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