In this article, the author reviews the P value and how it is used to determine true difference of outcome in treatment groups. P value, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, bias, and confidence interval are discussed in common language, with a minimum of jargon and with clinical examples.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.30284 | DOI Listing |
J Med Internet Res
January 2025
Learning and Capacity Development Unit, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the global need for accessible content to rapidly train health care workers during health emergencies. The massive open access online course (MOOC) format is a broadly embraced strategy for widespread dissemination of trainings. Yet, barriers associated with technology access, language, and cultural context limit the use of MOOCs, particularly in lower-resource communities.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Med Microbiol
January 2025
Field Service - South East and London, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) infections are of public health concern as STEC can cause large national foodborne outbreaks of severe gastrointestinal disease, particularly in the young and elderly. In recent years, the implementation of PCR by diagnostic microbiology laboratories has improved the detection of STEC, and there has been an increase in notifications of cases of non-O157 STEC. However, the extent this increase in caseload can be attributed to the improved detection by PCR, or a true increase in non-O157 STEC infections, is unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychophysiology
January 2025
Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Pupil size is a well-established marker of cognitive effort, with greater efforts leading to larger pupils. This is particularly true for pupil size during task performance, whereas findings on anticipatory effort triggered by a cue stimulus are less consistent. For example, a recent report by Frömer et al.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Esthet Restor Dent
January 2025
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Objective: To assess the reproducibility and reliability of the pink (PES) and white esthetic scores (WES) using digital images and the intra- and inter-examiner agreement among different clinical backgrounds and assessment methods.
Material And Methods: Standardized intraoral images were obtained from adult subjects with an implant-supported single-tooth fixed dental prosthesis located in the maxillary esthetic zone using a digital camera and a true-color intraoral scanner. According to the PES and WES criteria, the images were evaluated by 20 calibrated evaluators, 5 prosthodontists, 5 periodontists, 5 undergraduates, and 5 oral surgeons.
Brain Behav
January 2025
Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Background: In today's post-truth times, where personal feelings and beliefs have become increasingly important, determining what is accurate knowledge has become an important skill. This is especially important during uncertainty crises (e.g.
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