Triazolinediones (TADs) are unique reagents in organic synthesis that have also found wide applications in different research disciplines, in spite of their somewhat "exotic" reputation. In this review, we offer two case studies that demonstrate the possibilities of these versatile and reliable synthetic tools, namely, in the field of polymer science as well as in more recently emerging applications in the field of click chemistry. As the general use of triazolinediones has always been hampered by the limited commercial and synthetic availability of such reagents, we also offer a review of the available TAD reagents, together with a detailed discussion of their synthesis and reactivity. This review thus aims to serve as a practical guide for researchers that are interested in exploiting and further developing the exceptional click-like reactivity of triazolinediones in various applications.
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Biotechnol Adv
January 2025
Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China; Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Xianyang Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Drug Synthesis, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang 712046, China. Electronic address:
Gene circuits, which are genetically engineered systems designed to regulate gene expression, are emerging as powerful tools in disease theranostics, especially in mammalian cells. This review explores the latest advances in the design and application of gene circuits for detecting and treating various diseases. Synthetic gene circuits, inspired by electronic systems, offer precise control over therapeutic gene activity, allowing for real-time, user-defined responses to pathological signals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMass Spectrom Rev
January 2025
Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a critical tool in the characterization of covalently modified nucleic acids. Well-developed bottom-up approaches, where nucleic acids are digested with an endonuclease and the resulting oligonucleotides are separated before MS and MS/MS analysis, provide substantial insight into modified nucleotides in biological and synthetic nucleic. Top-down MS presents an alternative approach where the entire nucleic acid molecule is introduced to the mass spectrometer intact and then fragmented by MS/MS.
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December 2024
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology, and Microbiology, Microbiology Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
Although vinegar is a product obtained by a well-known bioprocess from a technical point of view, the complex microbiota responsible for its production and their involvement in the organoleptic profiles are not clear yet. In this work, three acetification profiles in submerged culture using both synthetic and raw materials from Andalusia (Spain) were characterized by metagenomic (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) and metabolomic tools (stir-bar sorptive extraction with thermo-desorption coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)). A total of 29 phyla, 208 families, and many more genera were identified, comprising bacteria and archaea as well as 75 metabolites, including minor volatile compounds, amino acids, biogenic amines, and other nitrogenous compounds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
ROS (i.e., reactive oxygen species) scavenging is a key function of various Mn-based enzymes, including superoxide dismutases (SODs) and catalases, which are actively linked to oxidative stress-related diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMolecules
December 2024
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
Given the natural origins of flavylium derivatives, their chemical modifications, and their large potential uses in food, medicine, or green chemistry, the present review is a comprehensive study of flavylium-derived compounds. Several topics such as the green extraction and isolation techniques of flavylium derivatives including their chemical modifications and various characterization tools such as NMR, HPLC, and mass spectrometry are discussed in the review. Furthermore, the use of these derivatives in medicine, food, and materials science is presented, highlighting their relevance and the need for further investigation.
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