Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The EGFR-directed inhibitor cetuximab is currently the only approved targeted therapy for the treatment of OSCC. EGFR status may affect the patient response to cetuximab treatment. In the present study, via analysis of the immunomarker for EGFR, it was revealed that 58.3% of the total cases investigated stained positively for EGFR expression, and furthermore, that invasiveness was inversely correlated with EGFR expression. Expression levels of EGFR were quantified, and the correlation between EGFR expression and cetuximab sensitivity was investigated using three varying grades of invasive human OSCC line. EGFR expression in high-grade invasive cells was significantly downregulated compared with that of low-grade invasive cells. There was no significant antiproliferative effect in the high-grade invasive cells treated with various concentrations of cetuximab. The EMT-associated genes, N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail, were upregulated in the high-grade invasive cells. The low-grade invasive cells exhibited characteristics of typical epithelial cells, including the expression of E-cadherin and absence of the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail. Transforming growth factor-β induced low-grade invasive cells to undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated gene switch, which resulted in low levels of EGFR expression. The results of the present study suggested that loss of EGFR expression in OSCC was associated with EMT, and may have functional implications with regard to tumor invasiveness and the resistance to cetuximab treatment.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727181 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3833 | DOI Listing |
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