Use of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: improving efficacy.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The pathological changes in COPD lead to alveolar destruction (emphysema) and chronic airway inflammation, resulting in airflow obstruction and recurrent exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory agents that are widely used, especially in combination with long-acting beta-agonists, in patients with COPD. Here, we will summarize the benefits and risks of ICS use for COPD, and discuss approaches to more personalized medicine when selecting COPD patients to commence (or withdraw) ICS use. The conclusion arising is that further validation of clinical and biological markers should be undertaken in COPD, in order to individualize ICS therapy to maximize efficacy for patients.