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Contribution of the Microbiome to Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Mini Review.

Eur Urol Focus

January 2025

Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Department of Urology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China. Electronic address:

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic and debilitating condition characterized by pelvic pain and urinary urgency and frequency with an unclear etiology. Emerging evidence implicates microbiome dysbiosis-disruptions in the microbial communities inhabiting the body-in IC/BPS pathophysiology. This review synthesizes the literature on microbial alterations in IC/BPS, including urinary, vaginal, and gastrointestinal microbiota, and their interactions with host inflammatory and metabolic pathways.

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Purpose: Urinary cytokine changes may serve as biomarkers to assess treatment outcomes for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). This study analyzed the changes in urinary cytokines following various bladder therapies and explored their clinical significance in therapeutic mechanisms.

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Background: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a multifactorial, chronic syndrome involving urinary frequency, urgency, and bladder discomfort. These IC/BPS symptoms can significantly impact individuals' quality of life, affecting their mental, physical, sexual, and financial well-being. Individuals sometimes rely on peer-to-peer support to understand the disease and find methods of alleviating symptoms.

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Chemical modification of naturally derived glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) expands their potential utility for applications in soft tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Here we report the preparation of a novel crosslinked chondroitin sulfate (~200 to 2000 kilodaltons) that is both soluble in aqueous solution and microfilterable. We refer to these materials as "SuperGAGs.

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Objectives: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a challenging chronic inflammatory condition affecting the urinary bladder, with limited treatment options. This study aims to assess the clinical efficacy of repeated intravesical platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections for promoting urothelial regeneration and reducing inflammation in patients with IC/BPS and investigate its correlation with subjective and objective treatment-related outcomes.

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