Between 2013 and 2014, spending on specialty drugs, including biologics, increased 32.4%, while spending on small-molecule drugs increased just 6.8%. By 2016, 8 of the 10 top-selling drugs are expected to be biologics. While many biologics will be going off patent, there will likely be multiple prospective manufacturers of biosimilars, and a growing emphasis on regulatory guidelines to ensure their efficacy and safety, in the very near future. A strong factor and assumption surrounding biosimilar development and use is the potential for healthcare cost savings; the introduction of biosimilars is expected to reduce drug costs, although to a lesser degree than seen with small-molecule generic drugs. Managed care clinicians and providers must carefully consider the economic implications and potential cost-effectiveness of uptake of biosimilars for therapy in clinical practice.
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Nat Rev Immunol
January 2025
III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Kidney diseases are widespread and represent a considerable medical, social and economic burden. However, there has been marked progress in understanding the immunological aspects of kidney disease. This includes the identification of distinct intrarenal immunological niches and characterization of kidney disease endotypes according to the underlying molecular immunopathology, as well as a better understanding of the pathological roles for T cells, mononuclear phagocytes and B cells and the renal elements they target.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
January 2025
Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Impending global urban population growth is expected to occur with considerable infrastructure expansion. However, our understanding of attendant infrastructure inequalities is limited, highlighting a critical knowledge gap in the sustainable development implications of urbanization. Using satellite data from 2000 to 2019, we examine country-level population-adjusted biases in infrastructure distribution within and between regions of varying urbanization levels and derive four key findings.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Monit Assess
January 2025
Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198, Moscow, Russia.
Globally, agricultural lands are among the top emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs), responsible for over 20% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climatic conditions, an acute challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where access to mitigation technologies remains limited, have heavily influenced these lands. This study explores GHG contributions from crop production and their devastating and deteriorating impacts on the economy and environment and proposes a sustainable solution.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Med Dir Assoc
January 2025
Division of Health Policy and Economics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address:
Objectives: To examine practice trends and characteristics of primary care physicians providing care in US nursing homes.
Design: Retrospective cohort study using Medicare Fee-for-Service claims.
Setting And Participants: Physicians who provided primary care to long-stay nursing home residents.
JMIR Res Protoc
January 2025
Department of Medicine and Optometry, eHealth Institue, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
Background: Health worker migration from Nigeria poses significant challenges to the Nigerian health care sector and has far-reaching implications for health care systems globally. Understanding the factors driving migration, its effects on health care delivery, and potential policy interventions is critical for addressing this complex issue.
Objective: This study aims to comprehensively examine the factors encouraging the emigration of Nigerian health workers, map out the effects of health worker migration on the Nigerian health system, document the loss of investment in health training and education resulting from migration, identify relevant policy initiatives addressing migration, determine the effects of Nigerian health worker migration on destination countries, and identify the benefits and demerits to Nigeria of health worker migration.
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