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Chiral Serum Pharmacokinetics of 4-Fluoroamphetamine after Controlled Oral Administration: Can (R)/(S)-Concentration Ratios Help in Interpreting Forensic Cases?
J Anal Toxicol
November 2021
Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Am Pulverturm 3, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
Over the last two decades, misuse of 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) became an emerging issue in many European countries. Stimulating effects last for 4-6 hours and can impact psychomotor performance. The metabolism of amphetamine-type stimulants is stereoselective and quantification of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers has been suggested for assessing time of use.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExcretion of 4-fluoroamphetamine and three metabolites in urine after controlled oral ingestion.
J Pharm Biomed Anal
February 2020
Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Each year, synthetic drugs are occurring in high numbers in the illicit drug market. But data on their pharmacology and toxicology are scarcely available. Therefore, a pilot study was performed to evaluate excretion of 4-fluoroamphetamine (4FA) in humans and identify metabolites in urine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmacokinetic properties of 4-fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion.
Drug Test Anal
July 2019
Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Introduction: Each year, synthetic drugs occur in high numbers on the illicit drug market. But data on their pharmacology and toxicology are scarce. Therefore, a controlled study was performed to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) in humans and to compare it with effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA First-in-Man Study with 4-Fluoroamphetamine Demonstrates it Produces a Mild Psychedelic State.
J Psychoactive Drugs
May 2020
a Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht , the Netherlands.
The phenethylamine 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) is a so-called novel psychoactive substance with a chemical structure resembling that of amphetamine and MDMA. Since 4-FA users report their subjective experience ranges between the effects induced by amphetamine and MDMA, and it is known that both substances can produce an altered state of consciousness, this study tests whether 4-FA induces a psychedelic state. A placebo-controlled two-way crossover study in 12 healthy poly-drug users was conducted to test subjective and behavioral effects of 4-FA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDrug liking and wanting, not impulsive action or reflection is increased by 4-fluoroamphetamine.
Psychopharmacology (Berl)
August 2018
Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Background: New psychoactive substances (NPS) are chemical analogues designed to mimic the effects of various classic recreational drugs of abuse including MDMA, LSD, and cannabis. NPS use is associated with concern about the acute and longer-term effects particular substances might have, with abuse and addiction as potential consequences. Impulsivity and sensitivity to the rewarding effects of drugs have been considered as risk factors for drug abuse.
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