The term VMR is used to describe a nonimmunologic, noninfectious, chronic type of rhinitis without nasal eosinophilia. The causes are diverse and, in many cases, never identified. Before the diagnosis of VMR can be made, AR and ENR must be ruled out. A thorough history and physical examination in association with appropriate laboratory testing can be used to distinguish these types of rhinitis. Surgical procedures tend to provide the most relief, but should only be used after more conservative measures have failed.
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Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China.
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Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan, China. Electronic address:
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