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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Curated"><PMID Version="1">26573518</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1432-1955</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>115</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Mar</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Parasitology research</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Parasitol Res</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Characterization and mosquitocidal potential of neem cake-synthesized silver nanoparticles: genotoxicity and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito natural enemies.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>1015</StartPage><EndPage>1025</EndPage><MedlinePgn>1015-25</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00436-015-4829-9</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) serve as important vectors for a wide number of parasites and pathogens of huge medical and veterinary importance. Aedes aegypti is a primary dengue vector in tropical and subtropical urban areas. There is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly mosquitocides. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were biosynthesized using neem cake, a by-product of the neem oil extraction from the seed kernels of Azadirachta indica. AgNP were characterized using a variety of biophysical methods, including UV-vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. Furthermore, the neem cake extract and the biosynthesized AgNP were tested for acute toxicity against larvae and pupae of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti. LC50 values achieved by the neem cake extract ranged from 106.53 (larva I) to 235.36 ppm (pupa), while AgNP LC50 ranged from 3.969 (larva I) to 8.308 ppm (pupa). In standard laboratory conditions, the predation efficiency of a Carassius auratus per day was 7.9 (larva II) and 5.5 individuals (larva III). Post-treatment with sub-lethal doses of AgNP, the predation efficiency was boosted to 9.2 (larva II) and 8.1 individuals (larva III). The genotoxic effect of AgNP was studied on C. auratus using the comet assay and micronucleus frequency test. DNA damage was evaluated on peripheral erythrocytes sampled at different time intervals from the treatment; experiments showed no significant damages at doses below 12 ppm. Overall, this research pointed out that neem cake-fabricated AgNP are easy to produce, stable over time, and can be employed at low dosages to reduce populations of dengue vectors, with moderate detrimental effects on non-target mosquito natural enemies.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chandramohan</LastName><ForeName>Balamurugan</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Murugan</LastName><ForeName>Kadarkarai</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Panneerselvam</LastName><ForeName>Chellasamy</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Madhiyazhagan</LastName><ForeName>Pari</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chandirasekar</LastName><ForeName>Ramachandran</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dinesh</LastName><ForeName>Devakumar</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName><ForeName>Palanisamy Mahesh</ForeName><Initials>PM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kovendan</LastName><ForeName>Kalimuthu</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suresh</LastName><ForeName>Udaiyan</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Subramaniam</LastName><ForeName>Jayapal</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rajaganesh</LastName><ForeName>Rajapandian</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aziz</LastName><ForeName>Al Thabiani</ForeName><Initials>AT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Syuhei</LastName><ForeName>Ban</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecosystem studies, School of Environmental Science, University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alsalhi</LastName><ForeName>Mohamad Saleh</ForeName><Initials>MS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Devanesan</LastName><ForeName>Sandhanasamy</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nicoletti</LastName><ForeName>Marcello</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wei</LastName><ForeName>Hui</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benelli</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy. g.benelli@sssup.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Parasitol Res</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8703571</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0932-0113</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005989">Glycerides</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007302">Insect Repellents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007306">Insecticides</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010936">Plant Extracts</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D013729">Terpenes</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3M4G523W1G</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012834">Silver</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4DKJ9B3K2T</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C002443">neem oil</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000330" MajorTopicYN="Y">Aedes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D031601" MajorTopicYN="N">Azadirachta</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020552" MajorTopicYN="N">Comet Assay</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004249" MajorTopicYN="N">DNA Damage</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003715" MajorTopicYN="N">Dengue</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="N">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005989" MajorTopicYN="N">Glycerides</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006054" MajorTopicYN="N">Goldfish</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007302" MajorTopicYN="N">Insect Repellents</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007303" MajorTopicYN="Y">Insect Vectors</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007306" MajorTopicYN="Y">Insecticides</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007814" MajorTopicYN="N">Larva</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053768" MajorTopicYN="Y">Metal Nanoparticles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000633" MajorTopicYN="N">toxicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015162" MajorTopicYN="N">Micronucleus Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010936" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Extracts</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011235" MajorTopicYN="N">Predatory Behavior</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011679" MajorTopicYN="N">Pupa</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012834" MajorTopicYN="N">Silver</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013729" MajorTopicYN="N">Terpenes</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Arbovirus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Azadirachta indica</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Biological control</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Biosafety</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Botanical byproduct</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Dengue fever</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Mosquito-borne disease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Nanobiotechnology</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>2</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>10</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26573518</ArticleId><ArticleId 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               <h2><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/26573518/Characterization-and-mosquitocidal-potential-of-neem-cake-synthesized-silver-nanoparticles-genotoxic" >Characterization and mosquitocidal potential of neem cake-synthesized silver nanoparticles: genotoxicity and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito natural enemies.</a></h2>
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                <div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Balamurugan+Chandramohan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Balamurugan Chandramohan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Kadarkarai+Murugan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Kadarkarai Murugan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Chellasamy+Panneerselvam" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Chellasamy Panneerselvam</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Pari+Madhiyazhagan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Pari Madhiyazhagan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Ramachandran+Chandirasekar" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Ramachandran Chandirasekar</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Devakumar+Dinesh" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Devakumar Dinesh</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Palanisamy+Mahesh+Kumar" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Kalimuthu+Kovendan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Kalimuthu Kovendan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Udaiyan+Suresh" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Udaiyan Suresh</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jayapal+Subramaniam" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Jayapal Subramaniam</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Rajapandian+Rajaganesh" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Rajapandian Rajaganesh</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Al+Thabiani+Aziz" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Al Thabiani Aziz</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Ban+Syuhei" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Ban Syuhei</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Mohamad+Saleh+Alsalhi" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Mohamad Saleh Alsalhi</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Sandhanasamy+Devanesan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Sandhanasamy Devanesan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Marcello+Nicoletti" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Marcello Nicoletti</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Hui+Wei" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Hui Wei</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Giovanni+Benelli" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Giovanni Benelli</a></div>                   
                    <p class="mb-0 dark-color fz15 fw500 list-inline-item ml15 mb5-sm ml0-xs"><i class="flaticon-contract vam fz20 me-2"></i> Parasitol Res</p>
              
                   <p class="mb-0 dark-color fz15 fw500 list-inline-item mr15  mb5-sm ml0-xs"><i class="flaticon-place text-thm2 vam fz20 me-2"></i> Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/University+of+Pisa%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>University of Pisa</a>, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy. </p>
                    
                     
                   <p class="mb-0 dark-color fz15 fw500 list-inline-item ml15 mb5-sm ml0-xs"><i class="flaticon-calendar vam fz20 me-2"></i> Published: March 2016</p>
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                   <p class="text mb30"><p class="text mt10">Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) serve as important vectors for a wide number of parasites and pathogens of huge medical and veterinary importance. Aedes aegypti is a primary dengue vector in tropical and subtropical urban areas. There is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly mosquitocides. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were biosynthesized using neem cake, a by-product of the neem oil extraction from the seed kernels of Azadirachta indica. AgNP were characterized using a variety of biophysical methods, including UV-vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. Furthermore, the neem cake extract and the biosynthesized AgNP were tested for acute toxicity against larvae and pupae of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti. LC50 values achieved by the neem cake extract ranged from 106.53 (larva I) to 235.36 ppm (pupa), while AgNP LC50 ranged from 3.969 (larva I) to 8.308 ppm (pupa). In standard laboratory conditions, the predation efficiency of a Carassius auratus per day was 7.9 (larva II) and 5.5 individuals (larva III). Post-treatment with sub-lethal doses of AgNP, the predation efficiency was boosted to 9.2 (larva II) and 8.1 individuals (larva III). The genotoxic effect of AgNP was studied on C. auratus using the comet assay and micronucleus frequency test. DNA damage was evaluated on peripheral erythrocytes sampled at different time intervals from the treatment; experiments showed no significant damages at doses below 12 ppm. Overall, this research pointed out that neem cake-fabricated AgNP are easy to produce, stable over time, and can be employed at low dosages to reduce populations of dengue vectors, with moderate detrimental effects on non-target mosquito natural enemies.</p><table class="table table-bordered table-striped downloadTable" >
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										  <div class="list-number">predation efficiency</div>
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