Lung cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in the world and continually leads in mortality among cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer has risen only 4% (from 12% to 16%) over the past 4 decades, and late diagnosis is a major obstacle in improving lung cancer prognosis. Survival of patients undergoing lung resection is greater than 80%, suggesting that early detection and diagnosis of cancers before they become inoperable and lethal will greatly improve mortality. Lung cancer biomarkers can be used for screening, detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, therapy response monitoring, and so on. This review focuses on noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. For that purpose, our discussion in this review will focus on biological fluid-based biomarkers. The body fluids include blood (serum or plasma), sputum, saliva, BAL, pleural effusion, and VOC. Since it is rich in different cellular and molecular elements and is one of the most convenient and routine clinical procedures, serum or plasma is the main source for the development and validation of many noninvasive biomarkers. In terms of molecular aspects, the most widely validated ones are proteins, some of which are used in the clinical sector, though in limited accessory purposes. We will also discuss the lung cancer (protein) biomarkers in clinical trials and currently in the validation phase with hundreds of samples. After proteins, we will discuss microRNAs, methylated DNA, and circulating tumor cells, which are being vigorously developed and validated as potential lung cancer biomarkers. The main aim of this review is to provide researchers and clinicians with an understanding of the potential noninvasive lung cancer biomarkers in biological fluids that have recently been discovered.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2015.07.003 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Intratumoral Injection of R848 and Poly(I:C) Synergistically Promoted Antitumour Immune Responses by Reprogramming Macrophage Polarization and Activating DCs in Lung Cancer.
Clin Exp Immunol
March 2025
School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
Introduction: Immunotherapy has rapidly become a primary treatment option for many lung cancer patients because of its success in treating this prevalent and deadly disease. However, the success of immunotherapy relies on overcoming the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, making remodelling this environment a potential strategy for lung cancer therapy. Research suggests that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can impede tumour growth by promoting the conversion of tumour-associated macrophages into an M1-like state or enhancing dendritic cell development.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe role of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer.
Front Immunol
March 2025
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, necessitating innovative treatments. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are primary immunosuppressive effectors that foster tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. They are broadly categorized into proinflammatory M1 and tumor-promoting M2 phenotypes, with elevated M2 infiltration correlating with poor prognosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIdentification and Experimental Validation of Biomarkers Related to MiR-125a-5p in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
March 2025
Department of General Medical, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
Purpose: The miR-125a-5p has been reported influence the development of lung cancer, however, the link between it and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still not well understood. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the molecular pathway by which miR-125a-5p related biomarkers were involved in COPD.
Patients And Methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and module genes related to COPD in GSE100153 were screened out by differential analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, respectively.
Mapping the landscape of vitamin D in cancer studies: a systematic global investigation.
J Diabetes Metab Disord
June 2025
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular - Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Purpose: This comprehensive study examines the multifaceted relationship between vitamin D and cancer, synthesizing key scientific advancements and global research trends to guide future investigations and address critical gaps in the field.
Methods: Publications on vitamin D and cancer were retrieved from Scopus up to November 2024. English-language original and review articles were analyzed using Excel, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica, focusing on publication trends, citation impacts, and research themes.
Mediates Immunosuppression of the Tumor Microenvironment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
J Inflamm Res
March 2025
Department of Thoracic Surgery, The second People's Hospital of Changzhou, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China.
Background: Studies have demonstrated that histone deacetylase 1 () enables cancer cells to evade killing mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, there are no studies on the immunological aspects of in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods: In this research, we used the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public database combined with tissue microarray (TMA) to investigate expression and prognosis in NSCLC.
Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!