The objective of the present investigation was to develop and optimize reservoir-type of transdermal drug delivery system of Simvastatin using response surface methodology. A total of 17 experimental runs were conducted according to three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design employing Design expert®2 software to determine the effect of independent variables (simvastatin concentration, percentage of poloxamer 407, and concentration of D-limonene) on cumulative amount of simvastatin permeation through human cadaver skin in 48 h (dependent variable). The experimental data was fitted to different response surface models using multiple regression analysis and observed quadratic model was the best fit model with significant p-value (p꞊0.0003) and coefficient of determination value of 0.9949. The second-order polynomial equation and response surface plots indicated the significant influence of concentration of simvastatin and D-limonene on the simvastatin permeation in 48 h. The highest simvastatin permeation value of 76.94 μg/cm2 was observed in case of experimental number 10 with 1.5% (w/w) of simvastatin, 25% (w/w) of poloxamer 407, and 10% (w/w) of D-limonene. Using Derringer's desirability functional tool for optimization, the highest simvastatin permeation value of 78.7684 μg/cm2 in 48 h was predicted under optimum condition of; simvastatin concentration of 1.4893% (w/w), poloxamer 407 percentage of 22.43% (w/w), and D-limonene concentration of 9.8541% (w/w) with optimum desirability value. The in-vivo hypolipidemic study conducted for 14 days in hyperlipidemia induced Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that the optimized patch exhibited significant lowering of blood lipid profile. Finally, histology study was performed on skin sample used in permeation study of optimized formulation and compared with untreated skin sample. The treated skin sample showed a significant distortion in stratum corneum, which supported the ex-vivo permeation result. Thus, the patch may serve as an alternative therapy to oral dosage form of simvastatin with outmost patient compliance.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201812666151009115944 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
The measurement of microplastics in surface water and their impact on histopathological structures in wading birds of district Lahore.
Front Toxicol
January 2025
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
Plastics are globally considered a significant threat, particularly to metropolitan areas, due to the extensive use of plastic products. This research is the first of its kind to document microplastics contamination and its effects on Red wettled lapwing (Vanellus indicus). The concentration of microplastics (MPs) was measured from surface water at different locations including canals and drains, which are the primary sources of MPs pollution in the metropolitan city Lahore, Pakistan.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA conserved element in the first intron of has a lineage specific, TCR signal-responsive, canonical enhancer function that matches the timing of cell surface CD4 upregulation required to prevent lineage choice error.
Front Immunol
January 2025
Integrative Immunobiology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
Introduction: The regulation of expression during T-cell development and immune responses is essential for proper lineage commitment and function in the periphery. However, the mechanisms of genetic and epigenetic regulation are complex, and their interplay not entirely understood. Previously, we demonstrated the need for CD4 upregulation during positive selection to ensure faithful commitment of MHC-II-restricted T cells to the CD4 lineage.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhen investigating and controlling outbreaks caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIV), a One Health approach is key. However, knowledge-sharing on AIV-specific One Health strategies, tools and action plans remains limited across the EU/EEA. It is crucial to establish responsibilities, capacity requirements, and collaboration mechanisms during 'peace time' to enable timely and effective outbreak investigations and management.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDataset of polarimetric images of mechanically generated water surface waves coupled with surface elevation records by wave gauges linear array.
Data Brief
February 2025
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa 320003, Israel.
Effective spatio-temporal measurements of water surface elevation (water waves) in laboratory experiments are essential for scientific and engineering research. Existing techniques are often cumbersome, computationally heavy and generally suffer from limited wavenumber/frequency response. To address these challenges a novel method was developed, using polarization filter equipped camera as the main sensor and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for data processing [1,2].
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProspects of cold plasma in enhancing food phenolics: analyzing nutritional potential and process optimization through RSM and AI techniques.
Front Nutr
January 2025
Department of BioSciences, School of Bio Science and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
Consumption of plant-based food is steadily increasing and follows an augmented trend owing to their nutritive, functional, and energy potential. Different bioactive fractions, such as phenols, flavanols, and so on, contribute highly to the nutritive profile of food and are known to have a sensitivity toward higher temperatures. This limits the applicability of traditional thermal treatments for plant products, paving the way for the advancement of innovative and non-thermal techniques such as pulsed electric field, microwave, ultrasound, cold plasma, and high-pressure processing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!