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Background: Koala Retrovirus-A is a gamma-retrovirus that is spreading across wild koala populations through horizontal and vertical transmission, contributing significantly to genomic diversity across and even within koala populations. Previous studies have estimated that KoRV-A initially integrated into the koala genome less than 50,000 years ago, but the precise origins and the patterns of spread after its endogenization remain unclear.
Results: In this study, we analyzed germline insertions of KoRV-A using whole-genome sequencing data from 405 wild koalas, representing nearly the species' entire geographic range.
Human Endogenous Retroviruses Expression in Autoimmunity.
Yale J Biol Med
December 2024
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
In relation to ancient infections, a substantial number of retroviral sequences with persistent immunogenic potential were integrated within the human genome (HERVs). Under physiological conditions, coding sequences from HERVs can participate in cell/tissue homeostasis and physiological functions in an epigenetically controlled manner. However, HERV expression is susceptible to contribute to various pathologies, including autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, when reprogrammed by exogenous stimuli such as drugs or microbial infections.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTransactivation of Human Endogenous Retroviruses by Viruses.
Viruses
October 2024
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that are part the human genome and are normally silenced through epigenetic mechanisms. However, HERVs can be induced by various host and environmental factors, including viral infection, and transcriptionally active HERVs have been implicated in various physiological processes. In this review, we summarize mounting evidence of transactivation of HERVs by a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExpression profiles of TNF-Alpha and HERV-K Env proteins in multiple types of colon and lung disease.
Genes Genomics
January 2025
Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.
Background: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) were integrated into the human genome millions of years ago and have since proliferated to comprise about 8% of the human genome. For a long time, HERVs were thought to be remnants of ancient viruses, rendered inactive over the ages. However, recent studies have revealed that HERVs are involved in various diseases, including cancer.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA B cell screen against endogenous retroviruses identifies glycan-reactive IgM that recognizes a broad array of enveloped viruses.
Sci Immunol
November 2024
Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), comprising a substantial portion of the vertebrate genome, are remnants of ancient genetic invaders. ERVs with near-intact coding potential reactivate in B cell-deficient mice. To study how B cells contribute to host anti-ERV immunity, we used an antigen-baiting strategy to enrich B cells reactive to ERV surface antigens.
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