The transduction pattern of IL-12-encoding lentiviral vectors shapes the immunological outcome.

In situ modification of antigen-presenting cells garnered interest in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, we developed APC-targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs). Unexpectedly, these LVs were inferior vaccines to broad tropism LVs. Since IL-12 is a potent mediator of antitumor immunity, we evaluated whether this proinflammatory cytokine could enhance antitumor immunity of an APC-targeted LV-based vaccine. Therefore, we compared subcutaneous administration of broad tropism LVs (VSV-G-LV) with APC-targeted LVs (DC2.1-LV)-encoding enhanced GFP and ovalbumin, or IL-12 and ovalbumin in mice. We show that codelivery of IL-12 by VSV-G-LVs or DC2.1-LVs augments CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell proliferation, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that codelivery of IL-12 enhances the CD4(+) TH 1 profile irrespective of its delivery mode, while an increase in cytotoxic and therapeutic CD8(+) T cells was only induced upon VSV-G-LV injection. While codelivery of IL-12 by DC2.1-LVs did not enhance CD8(+) T-cell performance, it increased expression of inhibitory checkpoint markers Lag3, Tim3, and PD-1. Finally, the discrepancy between CD4(+) T-cell stimulation with and without functional CD8(+) T-cell stimulation by VSV-G- and DC2.1-LVs is partly explained by the observation that IL-12 relieves CD8(+) T cells from CD4(+) T-cell help, implying that a T(H)1 profile is of minor importance for antitumor immunotherapy if IL-12 is exogenously delivered.