Polymeric Nanoparticles of Enoxaparin as a Delivery System: In Vivo Evaluation in Normal Rats and in a Venous Thrombosis Rat Model.

Enoxaparin is an anticoagulant widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The subcutaneous route of administration, sometimes in repeated doses during 24 hours, represents a limitation to its use. Thus, the development of a product that can be administered either subcutaneously, in a smaller number of applications becomes a major challenge, with interesting clinical applications. The use of a system for sustained release of drugs can help to meet that goal, by protecting and enabling a gradual released of the agent. This study consisted of the evaluation of in vivo anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity of biodegradable nanoparticles of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with enoxaparin after subcutaneous injection. The nanoparticles were prepared by the method of double emulsion (w/o/w) and solvent evaporation. Subcutaneous enoxaparin encapsulated in PCL nanoparticles (1000 IU/kg) showed a sustained release in vivo for up to 12 hours (Cmax 0.62 IU/mL) a significantly longer period (P < 0.01) when compared to free enoxaparin (1000 IU/Kg) that disappeared after 9 hours (Cmax 1.50 IU/mL), however with lower anti-Xa activity. The antithrombotic action of enoxaparin-nanoparticles was tested in a DVT model by stasis in rats. There were virtually no formation of venous thrombosis in any of the rats that received enoxaparin encapsulated in nanoparticles (0.03 mg), with a significant difference when compared to groups that received saline (17.2 mg, P < 0.001) and free enoxaparin (2.87 mg, P = 0.001). In summary, enoxaparin-encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles showed a sustained release for a greater period than that of enoxaparin, and with excellent antithrombotic action. These results corroborate the promising use of pharmacological nanoparticles in clinical practice.