Objective: The early detection of MRI findings suggestive of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is of crucial clinical relevance in terms of treatment decision-making and clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the earliest imaging characteristics of PML-IRIS manifestation in natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis and describe an imaging pattern that might aid in the early and specific diagnosis.
Methods: This was a retrospective study assessing brain MRI of 26 patients with natalizumab-associated PML presenting with lesions suggestive of PML-IRIS during follow-up. MRI findings were evaluated considering the imaging findings such as mass effect, swelling, contrast enhancement, new perivascular T2 lesions and signs suggestive of meningeal inflammation.
Results: Contrast enhancement was the most common imaging sign suggestive of PML-IRIS, seen in 92.3% of the patients (with patchy and/or punctuate pattern in 70.8% and 45.8% respectively), followed by new T2 lesions with a perivascular distribution pattern (34.6%). In those patients with contrast enhancement, the enhancement was present in the lesion periphery in 95.8% of the patients. Contrast-enhancing lesions with a perivascular distribution pattern outside of the PML lesion were observed in 33.3% of the patients. The most common overall pattern was contrast enhancement in the border of the PML lesion with either a patchy or punctuate appearance in 88.5% of all patients.
Conclusions: Contrast enhancement is the most common earliest sign of natalizumab-associated PML-IRIS with a frequent imaging pattern of contrast-enhancing lesions with either a patchy or punctuate appearance in the border of the PML lesion.
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