Background: The aim of this study was to provide an outcome and toxicity profile of salvage low-dose-rate iodine-125 (I-125) stereotactic brachytherapy (SBT) in patients with small, circumscribed malignant glioma recurrences.
Methods: Patients with malignant glioma recurrences consecutively undergoing salvage SBT from 2003 to 2011 were identified from our prospective tumor database. SBT was considered a potentially suitable treatment strategy for adult mostly multimodally pretreated patients (Karnofsky score of ≥ 70) with biopsy-proven, circumscribed, small (diameter ≤ 3.5 cm) recurrences. Exclusively temporary I-125 seeds were used (reference dose: 50 Gy, dose rate: < 15 cGy/h). Study endpoints were time-to-treatment failure (TTF) after SBT, postrecurrence survival (PRS), and toxicity. Survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Adverse events were categorized according to the RTOG/EORTC classification. Prognostic factors were obtained from proportional hazards models.
Results: Sixty-eight patients (28 WHO grade III, 40 WHO grade IV gliomas) were included. Fifty-nine patients had previously received external beam radiation. Median TTF and PRS were 8.3 months and 13.4 months, respectively. TTF and PRS were longer for grade III gliomas than for glioblastomas (15.0 vs. 6.2 months and 28.1 vs. 9.3 months, respectively). Patients with grade III tumors were younger (p = 0.002). Favorable factors for TTF and PRS were age ≤ 50 years and a methylated O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)-promoter. Alternative models including tumor grade instead of age reached a similar good fit. Three patients suffered from grade I, one from grade II, and two from grade IV toxicity.
Conclusions: Salvage SBT is feasible and safe even after previously performed external beam radiation. Favorable outcome measurements in particular for grade III recurrences deserve further prospective evaluation.
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