AI Article Synopsis
- The study synthesized and characterized nine π-arene piano-stool ruthenium (II) complexes with aromatic dinitrogen chelating ligands and chloroquine, assessing their structures, electrochemical properties, and biological activities.
- Solid-state structures of five complexes were analyzed using X-ray crystallography, and cyclic voltammetry was employed to estimate their redox potentials while interactions with DNA and BSA were evaluated alongside cell line activity.
- Certain complexes demonstrated significant interactions with DNA and BSA, with promising cytostatic effects against cancer cell lines at lower concentrations compared to standard chemotherapy drugs.
Article Abstract
The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of nine π-arene piano-stool ruthenium (II) complexes with aromatic dinitrogen chelating ligands or containing chloroquine (CQ), are described in this study: [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(phen)Cl]PF6 (1), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(dphphen)Cl]PF6 (2), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(bipy)Cl]PF6 (3), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(dmebipy)Cl]PF6 (4) and [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(bdutbipy)Cl]PF6 (5), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(phen)CQ](PF6)2 (6), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(dphphen)CQ](PF6)2 (7), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(bipy)CQ](PF6)2 (8), [Ru(η(6)-C10H14)(dmebipy)CQ](PF6)2 (9): [1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dphphen), 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmebipy), and 4,4'-di-t-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dbutbipy)]. The solid state structures of five ruthenium complexes (1-5) were determined by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical experiments were performed by cyclic voltammetry to estimate the redox potential of the Ru(II)/Ru(III) couple in each case. Their interactions with DNA and BSA, and activity against four cell lines (L929, A549, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were evaluated. Compounds 2, 6 through 9, interact with DNA which was comparable to the one observed for free chloroquine. The results of fluorescence titration revealed that these complexes strongly quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA following a static quenching procedure. Binding constants (Kb) and the number of binding sites (n~1) were calculated using modified Stern-Volmer equations. The thermodynamic parameters ΔG at different temperatures were calculated and subsequently the values of ΔH and ΔS were also calculated, which revealed that hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions play a major role in the BSA-complex association. The MTT assay results indicated that complexes 2, 5 and 7 showed cytostatic effects at appreciably lower concentrations than those needed for cisplatin, chloroquine and doxorubicin.
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