Background: Clinical and cadaver studies have reported that supernumerary muscles could be the etiology of a variety of pathologic disorders, such as posterior impingement syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), and flexor hallucis longus tenosynovitis. We describe a unique variant of the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) muscle as an apparent cause of TTS, functioning as an independent flexor of the second toe, which has not been described in the literature. In addition to this case report, a systematic review was performed of TTS caused by the FDAL muscle.
Methods: A targeted search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science identified full-text papers that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Twenty-nine papers were identified for inclusion in the systematic review: 12 clinical papers of TTS caused by the FDAL muscle and 17 cadaver-based papers.
Conclusions: Clinicians often do not include the FDAL muscle in the differential diagnosis of TTS. This literature review suggests that the FDAL is an important muscle in terms of its functional and clinical significance. Knowledge of this muscle, its anatomical location and variations, and its magnetic resonance imaging characteristics may help clinicians make an accurate differential diagnosis.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/13-084.1 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Bilateral Flexor Digitorum Accessorius Longus Precipitating Bilateral Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A Case Report.
JBJS Case Connect
April 2023
University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.
Case: A 29-year-old woman presented with bilateral tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by bilateral flexor digitorum accessorius longus, experiencing immediate relief of symptoms after surgical intervention through 1 year.
Conclusion: Accessory muscles can cause compressive neuropathies in multiple areas of the body. In patients who have FDAL as the cause of their tarsal tunnel syndrome, surgeons should have a high index of suspicion of bilateral FDAL if the same patient develops similar contralateral symptoms.
A Rare Case of Flexor Digitorum Accessorius Longus Muscle Presenting as Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome.
Arch Bone Jt Surg
January 2022
The Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Netcare Linksfield Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a relatively uncommon nerve entrapment neuropathy. Many pathologies are reported as possible causes for TTS. The diagnosis of TTS can be difficult and often missed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnusual bilateral variation of the flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle and its relation on tarsal tunnel syndrome.
Surg Radiol Anat
December 2021
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
Purpose: During standard anatomical dissection for a medical anatomy course, we encountered an unusual bilateral variant of a unipennate flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) muscle, a supernumery muscle of the deep posterior leg and medial ankle.
Methods: We documented the muscles course and measured the diameter and length of the FDAL muscle belly, as well as the full length of its tendinous attachments.
Results: On both right and left legs, the FDAL originated from the proximal posterior fibula and distal one-third of the flexor hallucis longus muscle.
Morphological characteristics and variations of the human quadratus plantae muscle.
Ann Anat
March 2018
Medical University of Vienna, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Waehringer Strasse 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address:
The quadratus plantae (QP) is a highly variable structure. A number of partly inexact descriptions of this entity have been provided in textbooks of anatomy. Although several authors have examined the QP, its exact site of origin and type of insertion have hitherto not been specified.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Clinical and cadaver studies have reported that supernumerary muscles could be the etiology of a variety of pathologic disorders, such as posterior impingement syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), and flexor hallucis longus tenosynovitis. We describe a unique variant of the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) muscle as an apparent cause of TTS, functioning as an independent flexor of the second toe, which has not been described in the literature. In addition to this case report, a systematic review was performed of TTS caused by the FDAL muscle.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!