Cell-penetrating peptides are short, often hydrophilic peptides that get access to the intracellular milieu. They have aroused great interest both in academic and applied research. First, cellular internalization of CPPs often involves the crossing of a biological membrane (plasma or vesicular), thus challenging the view of the non-permeability of these structures to large hydrophilic molecules. Secondly, CPPs can drive the internalization of hydrophilic cargoes into cells, a rate-limiting step in the development of many therapeutic substances. Interestingly, the two most used CPPs, TAT and penetratin peptides, are derived from natural proteins, HIV Tat and Antennapedia homeoprotein, respectively. The identification of the penetratin peptide, summarized in this review, is intimately linked to the study of its parental natural protein.
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Current Understanding of Direct Translocation of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Its Internalization Mechanisms.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)
January 2017
Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.
Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) including Tat, Penetratin and oligoarginine peptides are a series of short peptides that can be efficiently internalized into cells and have been widely used as carriers for intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules. In the early phase of the study, CPPs, as well as their conjugates, were thought to rapidly enter cells by direct penetration through membranes, which was later found to be an experimental artifact that was concluded from observations in fixed cells. Although re-evaluation using living unfixed cells revealed that endocytosis has a major role in internalization of these peptides, there are a number of studies reporting that, even if fixation is avoided, direct translocation across plasma membranes and cytosolic distribution of arginine-rich CPPs are still observed in cells without membrane perturbation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPenetratin Story: An Overview.
Methods Mol Biol
April 2016
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, College de France, Paris, France.
Cell-penetrating peptides are short, often hydrophilic peptides that get access to the intracellular milieu. They have aroused great interest both in academic and applied research. First, cellular internalization of CPPs often involves the crossing of a biological membrane (plasma or vesicular), thus challenging the view of the non-permeability of these structures to large hydrophilic molecules.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPenetratin story: an overview.
Methods Mol Biol
February 2011
Homeoprotein Cell Biology, Ecole normale supérieure and Collège de France, Paris, France.
Cell-penetrating peptides are short, often hydrophilic peptides that get access to the intracellular milieu. They have aroused great interest both in academic and applied research. First, cellular internalization of CPPs often involves the crossing of a biological membrane (plasma or vesicular), thus challenging the view of the nonpermeability of these structures to large hydrophilic molecules.
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