AI Article Synopsis
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used to identify specific antigens in tissue samples, using antibodies and enzymatic reactions to produce visible results.
- The process can involve unmasking hidden epitopes that may be obscured due to formalin fixation by using heat or proteolytic enzymes.
- The review is structured into two parts: the first discusses methodologies and challenges related to IHC testing, while the second addresses common staining issues and their solutions.
Article Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method by which specific target antigens can be detected in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and involves the use of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies; visualization of specific tissue antigens is achieved through an enzymatic reaction that transforms a colorless chromogen to a colored one. These enzymes may be attached to the antibody through a protein-ligand method (eg, biotin-avidin or biotin-streptavidin) or through a secondary antibody. Epitopes that are masked by protein linkage during formalin fixation are unmasked using a retrieval system that either uses heat (heat-induced epitope retrieval) or proteolytic enzymes (proteolytic-induced epitope retrieval). Part 1 of this review will focus and elaborate on the available methodologies for IHC testing, common problems inherent to each technique, and how they can be resolved. Part 2 will focus on common problems and artifacts encountered during IHC staining, likely causes, and methods for addressing each problem.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0000000000000335 | DOI Listing |
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