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Results from the international collaborative systematic literature review informing the 2023 EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.

Ann Rheum Dis

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School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; LTHT, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK. Electronic address:

Background: The EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc) were updated in 2017, informed by a systematic literature review (SLR) completed in 2014.

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Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune disease closely related to thyroid dysfunction, remains a challenging ophthalmic condition among adults. Its clinical manifestations are complex and diverse, and disease progression can lead to exophthalmos, diplopia, exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration, and compressive optic neuropathy, resulting in irreversible vision damage or even blindness. Traditional treatment methods for TAO, including glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and radiation therapy, often have limitations and side effects, making this disease problematic in ophthalmology.

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