Advances in noninvasive imaging techniques allow to visualize the placenta and changes of its structure in the course of gestation. Macroscopic examination of the placenta in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation reveals changes responsible for reduced placental functions. These can then be diagnosed in utero, e.g. by ultrasonographic examination. The most serious defects include reduced weight an insertion area of the placenta and infarcts covering more than 6% of the placental area. Extrachorial placentas also have adverse effects. Other macroscopic changes do not appear to be causally associated with intrauterine growth retardation and have been recorded to a comparable extent also in placentas of eutrophic newborns.
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