Dopamine D₄ Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorders.

The identification of effective medications for the management of cocaine use disorders remains an unmet public health challenge. In view of the prominent role of dopaminergic mechanisms in cocaine's abuse-related effects, research has focused on the development of subtype-selective dopamine D1-4 receptor antagonists. Here, we briefly recap the current status of this research effort, with a focus on several aspects of D4 research that may be pertinent to the consideration of D4 ligands in the development of candidate medications. Additionally, we present data from self administration studies in nonhuman primates showing that intravenous cocaine-maintained behavior is moderately, though non-significantly, decreased by doses of the D4-selective partial agonist Ro10-5824 and dramatically reduced by the D4- selective receptor antagonist NGD-94-1. The effects of these D4 ligands on cocaine self-administration were consistent among subjects and occurred in the absence of comparable effects on food-maintained responding. These data suggest that available D4 receptor antagonists should be investigated further as candidate medications for the management of cocaine use disorders.