Smaller amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex predict escalating stimulant use.

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder. The identification of biomarkers that render individuals vulnerable for the transition from occasional drug use to addiction is of key importance to develop early intervention strategies. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess brain structural markers for escalating drug use in two independent samples of occasional amphetamine-type stimulant users. At baseline occasional users of amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (cumulative lifetime use ≤10 units) underwent structural brain imaging and were followed up at 12 months and 24 months (Study 1, n = 38; Study 2, n = 28). Structural vulnerability markers for escalating amphetamine-type drug use were examined by comparing baseline grey matter volumes of participants who increased use with those who maintained or reduced use during the follow-up period. Participants in both samples who subsequently increased amphetamine-type drugs use displayed smaller medial prefrontal cortex volumes and, additionally, in the basolateral amygdala (Study 1) and dorsal striatum (Study 2). In both samples the baseline volumes were significantly negatively correlated with stimulant use during the subsequent 12 and 24 months. Additional multiple regression analyses on the pooled data sets revealed some evidence of a compound-specific association between the baseline volume of the left basolateral amygdala and the subsequent use of amphetamine. These findings indicate that smaller brain volumes in fronto-striato-limbic regions implicated in impulsivity and decision-making might render an individual vulnerable for the transition from occasional to escalating amphetamine-type stimulant use.