Challenges of biomolecular detection at the nanoscale: nanopores and microelectrodes.

The interest in analytical devices, which typically rely on the reactivity of a biological component for specificity, is growing rapidly. In this Perspective, we highlight current challenges in all-electrical biosensing as these systems shrink toward the nanoscale and enable the detection of analytes at the single-molecule level. We focus on two sensing principles: nanopores and amperometric microelectrode devices.