AI Article Synopsis
- This study explores the effects of EPI® therapy, an electrical stimulation treatment, on muscle injury repair in rats, specifically after inducing damage using Notexin.
- Results showed that EPI® therapy reduced levels of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) and increased expressions of anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors (PPAR-gamma, VEGF, and VEGF-R1).
- The findings suggest that EPI® might promote healing by modulating inflammation and enhancing vascularization in injured muscle, but further research is necessary to understand its effects in humans.
Article Abstract
Background: The mechanisms of muscle injury repair after EPI® technique, a treatment based on electrical stimulation, have not been described. This study determines whether EPI® therapy could improve muscle damage.
Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into a control group, Notexin group (7 and 14 days) and a Notexin + EPI group. To induce muscle injury, Notexin was injected in the quadriceps of the left extremity of rats. Pro-inflammatory interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined by ELISA. The expression of receptor peroxisome gamma proliferator activator (PPAR-gamma), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGF-R1) were determined by western-blot.
Results: The plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in Notexin-injured rats showed a significant increase compared with the control group. EPI® produced a return of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta values to control levels. PPAR-gamma expression diminished injured quadriceps muscle in rats. EPI® increased PPAR-gamma, VEGF and VEGF-R1 expressions. EPI® decreased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and increased anti-inflammatory PPAR-gamma and proangiogenic factors as well as VEGF and VEGF-R1 expressions.
Conclusion: The EPI® technique may affect inflammatory mediators in damaged muscle tissue and influences the new vascularization of the injured area. These results suggest that EPI® might represent a useful new therapy for the treatment of muscle injuries. Although our study in rats may represent a valid approach to evaluate EPI® treatment, studies designed to determine how the EPI® treatment may affect recovery of injury in humans are needed.
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|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403980 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-015-0002-0 | DOI Listing |
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