During the first few hours of freezing the cardiovascular system must distribute cryoprotectant throughout the body of freeze-tolerant frogs. This study presents initial documentation of the changes in heart rate of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) during nonlethal freezing. Heart rate was determined by measuring the electrocardiogram of frogs. Within 1 min of the onset of freezing the heart rate nearly doubled to approximately 8.0 beats/min. The heart rate began to slow after the first hour of the freeze, and the heart completely stopped beating near the completion of ice formation approximately 20 h later. Recordings from a single frog revealed that the heart beat resumes within 1 h after thawing and near-normal function is achieved after only a few hours. The release of the latent heat of fusion caused a rise in body temperature (1.7 degrees C) for a few hours and was closely correlated with an increase in the heart rate. However, other factors such as reduction in blood volume, increase in blood viscosity, and progressive hypoxia may prominently influence cardiac function indirectly. Regardless, the heart functions long enough to distribute glucose throughout the body during the first few hours of the freeze.
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