A bioelectronic system for insulin release triggered by ketone body mimicking diabetic ketoacidosis in vitro.

A bioelectronic system composed of two modified electrodes, one activated in the presence of ketone bodies, a biomarker of diabetic ketoacidosis, and another releasing insulin upon receiving a signal, was designed and tested in vitro to operate as a Sense-and-Act device. The functional integration of biomarker-sensing and insulin-releasing electrodes represents a step to a theranostic system with autonomous operation.